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Slavery in Africa

According to historians, by 1444, there was a thriving market in Portugal for African enslaved people. Both the Europeans and Africans had a tradition of slavery but the two differed.      Slavery was prevalent in many Central and West African societies before and during the trans-Atlantic slave trade. When diverse African empires, small to medium-sized nations, …

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The Cradle of Civilization-The Motherland and Fatherland

Africa is called the “Motherland” and “Fatherland” because it’s the birthplace of the human race.  Our African ancestors created human history, culture, and civilization. Black history does not begin with enslaved people. Africa was an advanced civilization prior to the arrival of Europeans.      In August of this year, I was excitedly preparing to journey …

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A Changing Memphis

The racial dynamics of Memphis changed between 1862-1865. During the Civil War, thousands of enslaved and formerly enslaved Black people fled to the city. In 1865, the Black population was 39%. Most of the Black population gathered around Beale, Linden, and Causey streets. These areas were considered, “Negro Quarters.”      Lymus Wallace was the first …

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Reforming Memphis

Memphis’s first mayor, Marcus Winchester, was intriguing to many people outside of Memphis. Because he married a “free woman of color,” he became the leading attraction of visitors to the river city, especially those of the radical or reformer type      One such lady, identified as Mrs. Ann Royal, visited Memphis frequently. She and many …

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The Great Society

     Many poor families, including mine, benefitted from the Great Society. These domestic programs were launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 and 1965. The main goal was to eliminate racial injustice and poverty. Many new federal programs that addressed medical care, rural poverty, education, transportation, and urban problems were launched during this time. …

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