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At A Glance

In my previous posts, I wrote a lot of content about the black experience and painful struggle in America. As I learn more about the long struggle of black people and other people of color, I will try to include new information. There are many reliable resources available. Europe, Africa and the Americas were bound …

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The Red Summer

In 1919, my Dad was fourteen years old and living with his parents in Chicago, Illinois. He lived with his parents, siblings, and relatives lived in a mixed race neighborhood. He and his siblings attended integrated Wendell Phillips High School with Italian and other classmates. Years ago, his parents migrated from the South to escape …

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White Supremacy

According to the book, The Negro Pilgrimage In America, by C.L. Lincoln, “Segregation presented the poor white with a psychological release so strong that he simply overlooked the common lot he shared with the Negro. Awarded social certification as the Negro’s superior, the poor white flaunted the “white supremacy” code because it artificially inflated his …

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Convict Leasing

For years, Southern states benefited from convict leasing. This practice added millions of dollars in revenue to state and local governments. It lowered the tax rate for average citizens and generated money for infrastructure. The firms that hired out prisoners and the employers who worked them to exhaustion profited the most. It served as a …

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Earning a Living

Many Black colleges and universities were founded after Reconstruction. An Army officer, General O.O. Howard, head of the Freedman’s Bureau, founded Howard University in Washington, D.C. Some other schools founded during the Reconstruction period are Fisk University in Nashville, Atlanta University, Hampton Institute in Virginia, Talladega College in Alabama, Tougaloo College in Mississippi, Morgan College …

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