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Earning a Living

Many Black colleges and universities were founded after Reconstruction. An Army officer, General O.O. Howard, head of the Freedman’s Bureau, founded Howard University in Washington, D.C. Some other schools founded during the Reconstruction period are Fisk University in Nashville, Atlanta University, Hampton Institute in Virginia, Talladega College in Alabama, Tougaloo College in Mississippi, Morgan College …

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Reconstruction

According to C.L. Lincoln in his book, The Negro Pilgrimage in America, the Civil War ended at Appomattox Courthouse in central Virginia on April 9, 1865. There were some cries of vengeance by the Northerners for “treason” by the Southerners. Jefferson Davis, the Confederate President, was never brought to trial for his role. There were …

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The Civil War

According to the book by C.L. Lincoln, The Negro Pilgrimage In America, by the middle of the nineteenth century, there were sectional differences as to whether new states admitted to the Union would be slaveholding or free. The Compromise of 1850 attempted to improve relations by setting up a balanced set of conditions for the …

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Slave Codes

In the book by C. L. Lincoln, The Negro Pilgrimage In America, slaveholders rejected both Biblical and political arguments. They used the Bible to “prove” justification of slavery by identifying black people of Ham, forever ordained to be “hewers of wood and drawers of water.” They argued there was a historical justification for slavery. Wealthy …

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Slave Revolts

American history involves many slave revolts. According to C.L. Lincoln’s book, The Negro Pilgrimage in America, between 1663 and 1864, there were at least a hundred and nine separate slave revolts on land. Between 1699 and 1845, fifty-five revolts took place on slave ships at sea. According to historians, the first recorded slave revolt in …

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African Heritage

My maternal great grandparents were enslaved people in Mississippi. According to U.S. census records, my grandfather was born in either 1884 or 1885. My grandmother was born shortly afterwards. I don’t know anything about my paternal great grandparents. It is believed they were also slaves. Their son, my grandfather, married my grandmother, a woman of …

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